Volume 6 (2023)
La Reine Koushite qui fit Face à l’Empereur César Auguste
Carita, Joaquina
Abstract:
In 30 BC, the Romans replaced the Ptolemies as rulers of Egypt. At that time, King Teriteqas reigned in Meroe and he did not agree with the invasion of his borders nor with the excessive increase in taxes to be paid to the Romans, entering into confrontation with the Roman armies. The Romans deployed their forces expanding South to gain access to the gold mines of Wādī Allāqi, which was located to the SE of a region called Dōdekaschoinos, in Nubia. Soon a revolt broke out in Thebes against the Roman policy of excessive taxation and was evidently supported by the Meroitics. King Teriteqas must have died in this rebellion, because according to reports, Queen Amanirenas remained in power as regent to her son Akinadad. According to Strabōn, Amanirenas was a warrior–queen who ruled the Kingdom of Cush and Meroe between 40 and 10 BC. She was known as the Queen Mother (Candace) and was one of the most famous queens of Meroe. During his reign, the Roman Emperor Cæsar Augustus made of Egypt one of the Provinces of Rome and intended to expand this province towards the South, but Amanirenas tried to prevent this expansion. She invaded Philæ, where she plundered the city and took with her to Meroe the head of a statue of bronze of Emperor Augustus. The Romans fought back and conquered Napata, killing the heir to the throne Akinadad. After a period of war, an agreement was reached between the parties; the emperor withdrew his armies, reimbursed the Cushites for their lands and exempted them from taxation. On the other hand, the Cushites gave him access to the region of Wādī Allāqi.
Citation:
Carita, J. 2023. «La Reine Koushite qui fit Face à l’Empereur César Auguste», JHIE 6: 159–166
DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.10996131
Language: fr
Submitted on 2022-01-10; accepted on 2023-12-10
References
- Adams, W.Y.: Nubia: Corridor to Africa, London (Penguin Books) 1977.
- Bumbaugh, S.: «Meroitic Worship of Isis at Philæ», Egypt in its African Context (Exel, K., ed.), Oxford (Archaeopress / BAR International Series 2204) 2011, 66-69.
- Brissaud, J.–M.: A Civilização Núbia das Origens à Conquista Árabe, Lisboa (Amigos do Livro / Editores Lda.) 1979.
- Cooley, A.E.: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, Cambridge (Cambridge Univertry Press) 2009.
- Faraji, S.: «Kush and Rome on the Egyptian Southern Frontier: Where Barbarians worshipped as Romans and Romans worshipped as Barbarians», Romans, Barbarians and the Transformation of the Roman World, Illinois (Ashgate Publishing Ltd) 2011.
- Fuller, D.Q.: «Pharaonic or Sudanic? Models for Meroitic Society and Change», Ancient Egypt in Africa (O’Connor, D. & Reid, A., eds), London (UCL Press) 2003, 169-184.
- Harkless, N.D.: Nubian Pharaohs and Meroitic Kings: The Kingdom of Kush, Bloomington IN (Author House) 2006.
- Hintze, F.: «The King of Kush: The Meroitic Period», Africa in Antiquity: The Arts of Ancient Nubia and the Sudan, (Brookyn Museum) 1978, 89-105.
- Janković, M.A. et al. (eds): The Edges of the Roman World, Cambridge (Cambridge Scholars Publishing) 2014.
- Kuckertz, J.: «Meroe and Egypt», UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, London (University College) 2021, 1-33.
- Leclant, J.: «O Império de Kush: Napata e Méroe», História Geral de África II (Mokhtar, G., ed.), São Paulo (Ática / Unesco) 1980, 277-296.
- O´Connor, D.: Ancient Nubia: Egypt´s Rival in Africa, Philadelphia (University Museum) 1993.
- Oldfather, C.H.: Diodorus Siculus II: Books II.35-IV.58, Cambridge MA (Harvard University Press / Loeb Classical Library 303) 1935.
- Reisner, G.A.: «The Pyramids of Meroe and the Candaces of Ethiopia», Sudan Notes and Records 54, 2014, 174-195.
- Rilly, C.: «Le Sudan des origines à la chute du sultanat Fung», Le Soudan de la Préhistoire à la conquête de Méhémet Ali, Paris (Soleb / Bleu Autour / Études d’Égyptologie 23) 2017, 27-30.
- Török, L.: Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region between Ancient Nubia and Egypt, 3700 BC – 500AD, Leiden (Koninklijke Brill NV) 2009.
- Sist, L.: «Meroe e Roma», Napata e Meroe Templi d´Oro Sul Nilo (Roccati, A., ed.), Milano (Electa) 1999, 130-140.
- Sninnie, P.L.: Meroe A Civilization of the Sudan, New York (Frederick A. Praeger) 1967.
- Zach, M.H.: «A Remark on the «Akinadad» Stela REM 1003 (British Museum EA 1650», Sudan & Nubia: The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin 21, 2017, 148-150.